Bryophytes
The word "Bryophyta" derives from the Greek words
"Bryon," which means "greenery," and "phyton,"
which means "plant." Bryophyta incorporates embryophytes like
greeneries, hornworts, and liverworts. These are little plants that fill in
obscure and sodden regions. They need vascular tissues. They don't deliver
blossoms and seeds, all things considered, recreate through spores. The term
"bryology" refers to the study of bryophytes.
For what reason are bryophytes called creatures of land and
water of plants?
Bryophytes are designated "creatures of land and water
of the plant realm" since they are earthbound plants, yet expect water to
finish their life cycle at the hour of sexual multiplication.
Also read: Chemotherapy
General Characteristics of Bryophytes:
• Plants
happen in moist and concealed regions
• The plant
body is thallus-like, for example, prostrate or erect
• It is
connected to the base by rhizoids, which are unicellular or multicellular
• They need
genuine vegetative design and have a root-like, stem-like, and leaf-like
construction
• Plants
miss the mark on the vascular framework (xylem, phloem)
• Bryophytes
show rotation of age between autonomous gametophyte with sex organs, which
produces sperm and eggs, and ward sporophyte which contains spores
Order Of Bryophytes
As indicated by the most recent arrangement, Bryophyta is
partitioned into three classes:
A. Hepaticopsida
(Liverworts)
B. Anthocerotopsida
(Hornworts)
C. Bryopsida
(Mosses)
A. Hepaticopsida (Liverworts): The name hepaticopsida comes
from "hepatic" meaning liver. Liverworts go under this class.
Hepaticopsida is additionally separated into 4 orders:
1. Marchantiales
(for example Riccia, Marchantia)
2. Sphaerocarpales
(for example Sphaerocarpos)
3. Calobryales
(for example Calobryum)
4. Jungermanniales
(for example Pellia)
The fundamental attributes of the class hepaticopsida are:
• In foliose structures, leaves are without a midrib and dorsiventral
• Every
cell of the thallus contains numerous chloroplasts without pyrenoids
• Rhizoids
are unicellular, extended, and aseptate
• Sex organs are borne dorsally implanted in gametophytic tissues
• The
container lacks the columella.
• Sporogenous
tissues create from endothecium
• Multiplication:
i. Asexual
multiplication: It happens by a discontinuity or by the development of gemmae.
Gemmae are delivered inside gemma cups. Gemmae are agamic buds, which are green
and multicellular. The gemma cup forms into another plant in the wake of
disconnecting from the parent plant
ii. Sexual
generation: Antheridium (male organ) and archegonium (female organ) might be
available on similar thalli or various thalli. They produce sperm and egg
individually. After treatment, a zygote is shaped. The zygote forms into a
diploid sporophyte, a couple of cells of the sporophyte go through meiosis to
shape haploid spores. These spores form into haploid gametophytes, which are
free-living and photosynthetic
B. Anthocerotopsida (Hornworts): This class has about 300
species.
The principal highlights are:
• The
gametophytic body is level, dorsiventral, and basic thalloid without interior
separation
• Rhizoids
are smooth-walled
• Every
cell has one chloroplast with a pyrenoid
• Sex
organs are available dorsally implanted in the thallus
• The
sporophyte is separated into the foot, meristematic zone and container
• Sporogenous
tissues create from amphithecium
• Pseudoelaters
are available in the case
• The
columella is available in the case, which begins from endothecium
• Proliferation:
i. Asexual
multiplication: Vegetative proliferation is by fracture of thallus and by
tubers, which are framed under ominous circumstances
ii. Sexual
multiplication: They repeat physically by waterborne sperm, which head out from
antheridium to archegonium. A treated egg forms into the sporophyte. Sporophyte
parts longwise to deliver spores which form into a gametophyte
C. Bryopsida (Mosses): It is the biggest class of Bryophyta
with around 1400 species. They are usually called greeneries. Models: Funaria,
Polytrichum, Sphagnum.
Bryopsida is additionally separated into 5 orders:
1. Bryales
2. Andreas
3. Sphagnales
4. Polytrichales
5. Buxbaumiales
The fundamental highlights are:
• Foliose
is comprised of the stem as a pivot and leaves without midrib
• Rhizoids
are multicellular with angled septa
• Sporogenous
tissues create from endothecium
• Columella
is available
• Dehiscence
of the case happens by division of the top
• Generation:
i. Asexual
generation: Asexual multiplication is by maturing and fracture of optional
protonema
ii. Sexual
multiplication: Antheridia and archegonia are available at the apical piece of
verdant shoots. After treatment sporophyte is created, which is more separated
than liverworts. The gametophyte creates from the spores
Environmental Importance of Bryophytes
Bryophytes have extraordinary natural significance.
Greeneries and lichens are the main creatures to colonize rocks.
• They
disintegrate the stone making it reasonable for the development of higher
plants. The corrosive emitted by lichens, passing, and rot of greeneries helps
in soil arrangement
• Bryophytes
develop thickly so go about as soil fasteners
• Greeneries
assume a significant part in lowland progression. Greeneries can change the
scene from open soil to peak woodland. The thick mat shaped of greeneries
structures a reasonable base for the germination of hydrophilic seeds because of the
presence of water and humus. Over time, the dead and rotted greeneries and
hydrophilic plants structure a strong soil for the mesophytic turn of events
• They
forestall soil disintegration by lessening the effect of the falling
precipitation
• They
lessen how much run-off water because of their water holding limit.
Also read: Nitrogen cycle
Significance of Bryophytes
1. Medicinal
purposes:
• Sphagnum
is utilized in careful dressing because of its high absorptive power and some
germ-free property for filling absorptive gauzes instead of cotton for the
treatment of bubbles and releasing injuries
• Marchantia
has been utilized to fix aspiratory tuberculosis and hardship of liver
2. In
exploration: Mosses and liverworts are utilized in the research in the field of
hereditary qualities. The component of sex assurance in the plant is found in
liverworts